1)
summarize in your own words of materials you read;
What is ‘globalization’?
Globalization is
plural because there are differences in perspective across the world, and also
there is a deviation with respect to ideas about globalization from one
civilization. Velho said globalization is object, perspective and horizon. The
object approach see globalization is a single process.
Globalization was
discussed in religion, sociology, anthropology in the late 1970s and the early
1980s. However, the term of globalization was used after the collapse of the
Berlin Wall and communism.
As
anti-globalization movement progresses in the late 1990s, WTO, IMF, G7/8 was promoted
with the development of Internet, and the development of global recognition
about inequality from globalization was also discussed in the economic sense. As
the protests against capitalist globalization spread rapidly, there was also
the view that the anti-globalization movement itself was a part of the process
of globalization. Meanwhile, since the early 1990s, policies were developed to
support the demand for open markets, free trade, deregulation and
privatization, especially for rich countries. Along with the advocacy of such
policies, commonly called neoliberalism, these policies are becoming
increasingly important in global economic life as transnational corporations
around the world. However, focusing on the capitalist concept of globalization
has led to a tendency for many important sociological factors to be largely
ignored.
The Parameters of
the General Process of Globalization : Connectivity and Consciousness
The characteristic
of globalization is that it increases connectivity. However, people who think
that connectivity is only focused do not pay direct attention to what can be
considered a combination of subjective and cultural factors in general terms. Both
connectivity and consciousness are important, but those who support just connectivity
relatively ignore consciousness. Certain areas have considered globalization,
with the emphasis placed on either connectivity or consciousness. For example,
political scientists, international relations specialists and economists regard
connectivity as important, while anthropologists, sociologists and cultural
historians emphasis consciousness.
Globalization
consists three dimensions: economic, political, and cultural dimensions.
Ritzer mentioned
McDonaldization, but he has been mainly concerned not only with McDonald’s but
also other global companies spread with the global expansion of certain social
and economic practices, and those companies, nevertheless need to adapt to the
local environment. And those adaptation to the local environment can consist of
homogeneity. It means that localization can promote heterogeneity, but the way
localization processes around the world is similar.
Sociologists have
often overlooked social aspects when considering globalization. However, Ritzer
was referring to McDonaldization, and studied the social aspects and relationships
of globalization. Even though sociologists have overlooked social aspects of
globalization, the spread and convergence of social interaction and
communication styles played a pivotal role in the globalization process.
Immanuel
Wallerstein, mentioned the form of globalization, argued that there are several
ways the world can be a single space, but this ‘single space’ does not mean
that we live in a world where every country and sectors is completely
integrated.
There are four
components in progress of globalization, they are international-systemic aspect, ②humanity, ③individual selves, and ④nation-state.
Localization has
received attention in the limited field of business. This concept of
localization was introduced in relations between the ‘global’ and ‘local’. Indeed,
so far local has been accepted as the opposite of global concept, but the two
concepts should be considered in different ways under the same concept rather
than opposition.
It is necessary to
apply various consumer traits to produce goods for various consumers. In
practice, producers thought that simply being able to achieve localization just
based on local circumstances, but it should be studied how the relationship between
the world and the region actually works.
Since there is no
standard for how a globalized world looks, it is impossible to use the term ‘globalized
world’, and globalization inherently limits itself in terms of localization.
However, as a homogenizing force works, given Ritzer's globalization, globalization
cannot be regarded that it limits itself.
2)
mention of any new, interesting, or unusual items learned;
First, it was
interesting that there were a lot of different theories and opinions
surrounding globalization. For example, scholars of one dimension only value
the connectivity of globalization, while scholars of the other side value
consciousness. In addition, there were three major dimensions of globalization,
but the fact that socialists themselves have overlooked the social aspect was
one of the things that I was a little curious and unexpected. And what was most
interesting was that there were four elements that make up the globalization
process. I had never thought that the elements that make up globalization would
include individual selves or humanity, but in this article I learned that they
would be necessary for the globalization process.
3)
identify at least one question, concern, or discussion angle;
In
this article, there are four important factors that are included in the
globalization process, which are international-systemic aspect, humanity, individual
selves, and nation-state. There are various opinions that each element should
be included in the globalization process, and I personally thought that the
contents of the article to include the individual selves are very persuasive,
and that it is a necessary and important factor in the impact of the individual
selves on globalization. Therefore, I would like to discuss what factors do you
think important.
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